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东风-61导弹:全球覆盖的战略利器

  “全球覆盖,震撼登场!” 在2025年9月3日纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年阅兵(简称“九三阅兵”)中,东风-61(DF-61)作为核导弹第一方队的核心装备首次亮相,官方解说突出其全球打击能力、末端高超音速特性和多弹头设计,彰显中国战略核力量的新高度。 东风-61导弹概述 东风-61(Dongfeng-61,简称DF-61)是中国最新一代陆基洲际弹道导弹(ICBM),隶属东风系列导弹家族。它在2025年9月3日的阅兵中首次公开,与“惊雷-1”空基远程导弹、“巨浪-3”潜射洲际导弹及“东风-31BJ”新型陆基洲际导弹共同亮相,标志着中国陆、海、空基“三位一体”核力量的全面展示。 DF-61被认为是继东风-41(DF-41)后的重大升级,是中国最先进的洲际导弹之一,具备全球打击、全时戒备和强大威慑能力。它采用机动发射平台(TEL),突出高机动性与突防能力,所有受阅装备均为国产现役主战装备。作为战略“王牌”,DF-61旨在维护国家主权与民族尊严。 发展历史与背景 东风系列导弹始于20世纪50年代,早期受苏联技术启发(如仿制R-2导弹)。DF-61编号跳过DF-51,可能出于保密或技术跨越考虑。历史上,1966年曾有一个“东风-61”短程战术导弹项目,因固体燃料等技术难题中止。 现代DF-61被视为DF-41的升级或继任型号。DF-41于2019年国庆阅兵亮相,射程12,000-15,000公里,可携带10枚分导式多弹头(MIRV)。DF-61可能融合了高超音速滑翔技术(HGV)和先进制导系统,强调全球覆盖与突防能力,由中国人民解放军火箭军(PLARF)装备,属于第二或第三代战略导弹。 技术规格与性能 由于官方披露有限,参数多来自阅兵报道、专家推测及开源情报,存在一定差异。以下为主要规格汇总: 射程 :覆盖全球,约14,000公里以上(部分夸张报道称42,000公里,接近地球周长,可能性低)。可打击全球主要城市,包括美国全境。 速度 :末端速度约55马赫(约67,000 km/h,高超音速),远超现有反导系统拦截能力,采用高超音速滑翔技术(HGV)。 弹头与载荷 :可携带10-18枚分导式核弹头(MIRV),每枚当量约120万吨TNT(广岛原子弹的80倍),总载荷约2,500 kg,支持核或常规弹头。 推进系统 :三级固体燃料发动机,支持大气...

Guide to House Renovations in Canada: Budgeting, Cost-Saving Tips, and Government Programs

Guide to House Renovations in Canada: Budgeting, Cost-Saving Tips, and Government Programs  Buying an old house for renovation or renovating one's own house is a significant decision and a complex process. However, renovations can increase the value of the property, improve energy efficiency, and bring more comfort to daily life. After reading this home renovation guide, you will find that renovating a house may not be as difficult or stressful as imagined.     Determining Priorities for Renovations  Everyone has a renovation wish list, such as replacing the roof or windows, remodeling the kitchen and bathrooms, planning a full house renovation, or simply repainting and replacing the flooring or carpets.     The key is to distinguish between what you need and what you want. Start by creating a renovation checklist and categorize everything needed to turn your house into your dream home into the following three categories:     Must-do: List renovation projects that require immediate action. This includes projects that pose safety hazards, such as electrical issues or foundation damage, as well as projects that significantly impact daily life, such as adding accessibility ramps or fixing a leaking roof or basement.     Home improvement: List interior decoration or projects that enhance comfort in this category. Examples include painting, replacing flooring or carpets, upgrading kitchen appliances, upgrading bathrooms, or renovating the basement.     Wish list: Does a new swimming pool or a home theater sound appealing? These projects fall into this category. They are considered as "nice-to-haves," and while they would be great to have, life can still be enjoyable without them.     Once you have organized your renovation checklist, you can clearly see what you need and what you want. This way, you can prioritize the urgent renovation tasks, which will save you a lot of money in the long run.     Budgeting for Renovations  There are several factors that influence the cost of home renovations, such as the quality of materials, the age and condition of the house, whether it's a complete renovation or partial upgrades, etc.     I consulted a friend with extensive experience in home renovations, and he mentioned that the cost of renovations can vary significantly depending on factors such as the choice of materials, appliances, contractors, and construction teams.     Specific cost figures for renovations can be found online, but in general, basic renovations for bathrooms and kitchens tend to be more expensive, while costs for other rooms are relatively lower. Regardless of the type of renovation, you must consider the following cost categories:     Soft costs (approximately 25%-30% of the total budget): This includes permit fees, engineering fees, interior design fees, surveyor fees, etc.     Hard costs (approximately 70%-75% of the total budget): This includes labor and material costs.     Contingency fund (additional 10%-15% outside the budget): It is essential to set aside extra funds to deal with unexpected expenses resulting from project delays or underestimations. No renovation is perfect, and you certainly don't want to find yourself in a budget shortfall due to deviations from the original plan.     Incidentals: Keep in mind that once the renovation project begins, there will be many changes in your daily life. You may need to temporarily move or stay in a hotel, and you may need to store your furniture or other household items. Allocate some extra money to cover these expenses, as they may not align with your usual weekly or monthly budget.     Hiring Professionals  Now that you have determined the priority order for renovations and set a budget, it's time to research in detail. When seeking professional help, it's important to ask for recommendations from friends and family and let them recommend reliable individuals or companies. Request references from different companies and search online resources such as the Better Business Bureau. Once you have a list of professionals or companies you are interested in hiring, you can contact their previous clients to have a conversation with them.     The type of professionals you need to hire may vary depending on the planned renovation project, as different types of projects require different types of professionals. Here are some common types of professionals:     General Contractors: You may need to start by finding a professional home renovation contractor who can help you assess the renovation projects and estimate the costs and timelines. Look for contractors with years of experience, as their established relationships with trusted suppliers and subcontractors can be beneficial. They can assist in organizing the construction schedule and provide advice and assistance with project permits.  To find construction contractors, you can consult the Canadian Home Builders' Association website for more information, which you can find in the list of essential renovation websites at the end of this article.     Architects: If your renovationThank you for sharing this information about house renovations in Canada. Indeed, the cost of renovations involves multiple factors, making it difficult to provide an accurate number. Here are some additional details that may be helpful to readers:     Ways to save on renovation costs:  Compare quotes: Get quotes from multiple contractors and suppliers and compare them. This can help you find options that offer reasonable prices.  DIY renovations: Consider doing some simple renovation tasks yourself, such as painting or installing fixtures. This can save on labor costs.  Renovation permits: Keep in mind that certain renovations may require permits from local authorities. It's important to check the specific regulations in your area and obtain any necessary permits before starting the work.     Financing options: If you need financial assistance for your renovation project, there are various options available. These may include personal loans, home equity loans, or lines of credit. It's advisable to research and compare different financing options to find the one that suits your needs and budget.     Energy efficiency incentives: In Canada, there are government programs and incentives aimed at promoting energy-efficient renovations. These programs offer financial incentives, rebates, or grants for specific energy-saving upgrades, such as insulation, windows, or heating systems. Check with your local government or utility providers to see if you qualify for any energy efficiency programs.     Renovation contractors: When hiring contractors, it's important to do thorough research. Ask for recommendations, check online reviews, and request references from previous clients. Obtain detailed quotes from different contractors and compare them based on the scope of work, timeline, and cost.     Remember, each renovation project is unique, and costs can vary significantly depending on factors such as the size of the project, desired quality of materials, and the specific location in Canada. It's crucial to plan your renovation carefully, set a realistic budget, and communicate clearly with your contractors to ensure a successful outcome.


Buying an old house for renovation or renovating one's own house is a significant decision and a complex process. However, renovations can increase the value of the property, improve energy efficiency, and bring more comfort to daily life. After reading this home renovation guide, you will find that renovating a house may not be as difficult or stressful as imagined.

 

Determining Priorities for Renovations

Everyone has a renovation wish list, such as replacing the roof or windows, remodeling the kitchen and bathrooms, planning a full house renovation, or simply repainting and replacing the flooring or carpets.

 

The key is to distinguish between what you need and what you want. Start by creating a renovation checklist and categorize everything needed to turn your house into your dream home into the following three categories:

 

Must-do: List renovation projects that require immediate action. This includes projects that pose safety hazards, such as electrical issues or foundation damage, as well as projects that significantly impact daily life, such as adding accessibility ramps or fixing a leaking roof or basement.

 

Home improvement: List interior decoration or projects that enhance comfort in this category. Examples include painting, replacing flooring or carpets, upgrading kitchen appliances, upgrading bathrooms, or renovating the basement.

 

Wish list: Does a new swimming pool or a home theater sound appealing? These projects fall into this category. They are considered as "nice-to-haves," and while they would be great to have, life can still be enjoyable without them.

 

Once you have organized your renovation checklist, you can clearly see what you need and what you want. This way, you can prioritize the urgent renovation tasks, which will save you a lot of money in the long run.

 

Budgeting for Renovations

There are several factors that influence the cost of home renovations, such as the quality of materials, the age and condition of the house, whether it's a complete renovation or partial upgrades, etc.

 

I consulted a friend with extensive experience in home renovations, and he mentioned that the cost of renovations can vary significantly depending on factors such as the choice of materials, appliances, contractors, and construction teams.

 

Specific cost figures for renovations can be found online, but in general, basic renovations for bathrooms and kitchens tend to be more expensive, while costs for other rooms are relatively lower. Regardless of the type of renovation, you must consider the following cost categories:

 

Soft costs (approximately 25%-30% of the total budget): This includes permit fees, engineering fees, interior design fees, surveyor fees, etc.

 

Hard costs (approximately 70%-75% of the total budget): This includes labor and material costs.

 

Contingency fund (additional 10%-15% outside the budget): It is essential to set aside extra funds to deal with unexpected expenses resulting from project delays or underestimations. No renovation is perfect, and you certainly don't want to find yourself in a budget shortfall due to deviations from the original plan.

 

Incidentals: Keep in mind that once the renovation project begins, there will be many changes in your daily life. You may need to temporarily move or stay in a hotel, and you may need to store your furniture or other household items. Allocate some extra money to cover these expenses, as they may not align with your usual weekly or monthly budget.

 

Hiring Professionals

Now that you have determined the priority order for renovations and set a budget, it's time to research in detail. When seeking professional help, it's important to ask for recommendations from friends and family and let them recommend reliable individuals or companies. Request references from different companies and search online resources such as the Better Business Bureau. Once you have a list of professionals or companies you are interested in hiring, you can contact their previous clients to have a conversation with them.

 

The type of professionals you need to hire may vary depending on the planned renovation project, as different types of projects require different types of professionals. Here are some common types of professionals:

 

General Contractors: You may need to start by finding a professional home renovation contractor who can help you assess the renovation projects and estimate the costs and timelines. Look for contractors with years of experience, as their established relationships with trusted suppliers and subcontractors can be beneficial. They can assist in organizing the construction schedule and provide advice and assistance with project permits.

To find construction contractors, you can consult the Canadian Home Builders' Association website for more information, which you can find in the list of essential renovation websites at the end of this article.

 

Architects: If your renovationThank you for sharing this information about house renovations in Canada. Indeed, the cost of renovations involves multiple factors, making it difficult to provide an accurate number. Here are some additional details that may be helpful to readers:

 

Ways to save on renovation costs:

Compare quotes: Get quotes from multiple contractors and suppliers and compare them. This can help you find options that offer reasonable prices.

DIY renovations: Consider doing some simple renovation tasks yourself, such as painting or installing fixtures. This can save on labor costs.

Renovation permits: Keep in mind that certain renovations may require permits from local authorities. It's important to check the specific regulations in your area and obtain any necessary permits before starting the work.

 

Financing options: If you need financial assistance for your renovation project, there are various options available. These may include personal loans, home equity loans, or lines of credit. It's advisable to research and compare different financing options to find the one that suits your needs and budget.

 

Energy efficiency incentives: In Canada, there are government programs and incentives aimed at promoting energy-efficient renovations. These programs offer financial incentives, rebates, or grants for specific energy-saving upgrades, such as insulation, windows, or heating systems. Check with your local government or utility providers to see if you qualify for any energy efficiency programs.

 

Renovation contractors: When hiring contractors, it's important to do thorough research. Ask for recommendations, check online reviews, and request references from previous clients. Obtain detailed quotes from different contractors and compare them based on the scope of work, timeline, and cost.

 

Remember, each renovation project is unique, and costs can vary significantly depending on factors such as the size of the project, desired quality of materials, and the specific location in Canada. It's crucial to plan your renovation carefully, set a realistic budget, and communicate clearly with your contractors to ensure a successful outcome.

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